Hollow Carbon-Based Catalysts: Preparation Methods and Research Advances in Catalytic Applications

Hollow carbon-based materials have garnered significant research interest in heterogeneous catalysis, driven by their high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, superior electrical conductivity, and excellent chemical stability. This article systematically reviews the research progress of hollow carbon based catalysts with ZIF-8/67 as the main carbon source. Initially, the hollowing mechanisms governing the microstructural and pore evolution across three primary synthesis strategies, namely the hard template method, the soft template method, and the etching method, are thoroughly discussed. Subsequently, cutting edge applications of these catalysts in energy conversion and environmental remediation are systematically surveyed, encompassing electrocatalysis including CO₂ reduction and the oxygen reduction reaction, energy storage involving the catalytic conversion of polysulfides in lithium sulfur batteries, and photocatalysis, with a focus on how their unique hollow architectures enhance catalytic performance. Finally, current critical challenges are highlighted, and future perspectives are proposed.